01275nam a22001337a 4500100002600000245007300026260006400099300000800163520081800171650001900989856011701008942000701125999000901132  aNkurunziza, Janvier D  aIllicit Financial Flows: A Constraint on Poverty Reduction in Africa  aGeneva: bAssociation of Concerned Africa Scholars,c 2012.  a7p.  aThe amount of illicit financial flows out of Africa is staggering. According to estimates by Global Financial Integrity (GFI), these flows amounted to between USD 854 billion and $1.8 trillion over the period 1970-2008 (GFI 2010). Another study found that the cumulated amount of capital flight out of Sub-Saharan Africa over the same period is in excess of $700 billion (Ndikumana and Boyce 2011). It is ironic that out of the six countries with the highest average capital flight over the period 2000 to 2008, namely Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Nigeria, South Africa, and Zimbabwe, four had poverty rates above the African average in 2008. Moreover, five out of eight countries with the highest capital flight in Africa are classified as low human development countries (UNDP 2011).  aCapital flight  uhttp://iffoadatabase.trustafrica.org/iff/illicit_financial_flows_a_constraint_on_poverty_reduction_in_africa.pdf  cCF  c9d9