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  <leader>01171nam a22001337a 4500</leader>
  <datafield tag="100" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
    <subfield code="a">Boyce, James K and  Ndikumana, Leonce</subfield>
  </datafield>
  <datafield tag="245" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
    <subfield code="a">Is Africa a Net Creditor? New Estimates of Capital Flight from Severely Indebted Sub-Saharan African Countries, 1970-1996</subfield>
  </datafield>
  <datafield tag="260" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
    <subfield code="a">New York</subfield>
    <subfield code="b">University of Massachusetts,</subfield>
    <subfield code="c"> 2000</subfield>
  </datafield>
  <datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
    <subfield code="a">50</subfield>
  </datafield>
  <datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
    <subfield code="a">This paper presents estimates of capital flight from 25 low-income sub-Saharan African countries in the period 1970 to 1996. Capital flight totaled more than $193 billion (in 1996 dollars); with imputed interest earnings, the accumulated stock of flight capital amounts to $285 billion. The combined external debt of these countries stood at $178 billion in 1996. Taking capital flight as a measure of private external assets, and calculating net external assets as private external assets minus public external debts, sub-Saharan Africa thus appears to be a net creditor vis-a-vis the rest of the world.</subfield>
  </datafield>
  <datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
    <subfield code="a">Capital flight ,Balance of Payments, Misinvoicing ,Customs Debt</subfield>
  </datafield>
  <datafield tag="856" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
    <subfield code="u">http://iffoadatabase.trustafrica.org/iff/is_africa_a_net_creditor-_new_estimates_of_capital_flight_from_se.pdf</subfield>
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    <subfield code="c">CF</subfield>
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  <datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
    <subfield code="c">264</subfield>
    <subfield code="d">264</subfield>
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